Such changes result in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) which are detectable at greater levels in the serum of those with T2DM in comparison to their non-diabetic counterparts (Donath and Sholeson, 2011; Donath, 2014). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.