By testing the sensitivity of bladder cancer cells to PTX and DOX (pretreated for 48 h) relative to cells treated with NF-CM or NF-exos, we found that the cells treated with CAF-CM or CAF-exos exhibited improved survival and colony formation abilities, as well as lower levels of apoptosis, higher levels of N-cadherin and vimentin expression and lower levels of E-cadherin expression (all p < 0.05; Fig. 1), indicating that CAF-exos may induc transition of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells. Here, VIM is linked to urinary bladder cancer.