Notably, tumor-infiltrating CD4+/CD8+ T cells were significantly more than those in RT + αPD-L1 group (2.65%/0.91% in primary tumors, 2.64%/1.04% in distant tumors), indicating that H@Gd-NCPs mediated radiosensitization created a favorable immunological microenvironment for antitumor therapy (Fig. 7e–h). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.