Moreover, β-AR agonists, especially the β2-AR agonist, activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and then Akt and ERK1/2 in a PKA-dependent manner, which in turn upregulate HIF-1α in pancreatic cancer cells even under normoxic conditions [170]. This evidence concerns the gene ADRB2 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.