CACNA1D and glioblastoma: In this study, we hypothesize that flakes of graphene (GN) and reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) may affect the expression of voltage-dependent ion channel genes Cl− (clcn3 and clcn6), Ca2+ (cacna1b and cacna1d), Na+ (nalcn), K+ (kcne4, kcnj10, and kcnb1), resulting in an alteration of the potential of the glioblastoma cell membrane.