The extents of IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylation were also decreased, resulting in considerably low P-IRS-1/total IRS (⁓0.4-fold, p < 0.01) and P-Akt/total Akt (⁓0.5-fold, p < 0.01) ratios in the skeletal muscle of T2D rats. This evidence concerns the gene IARS1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.