In this study, T2D caused ⁓1.5- (p < 0.01), ⁓2.9- (p < 0.01), and ⁓2.0-fold (p < 0.01) increases in the levels of TGF-β1, collagen IV, and hydroxyproline, respectively, in the renal tissue homogenate of T2D rats as compared to non-diabetic rats (Figure 11b). Here, TGFB1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.