In this study, T2D caused ⁓1.5- (p < 0.01), ⁓1.8- (p < 0.01), and ⁓1.7-fold (p < 0.01) increases in the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, respectively, in the kidneys of the experimental rats as compared to non-diabetic rats (Figure 11a). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.