AKR1B1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In this study, T2D rats exhibited ⁓3- (p < 0.01) and ⁓1.8-fold (p < 0.01) increases in the levels of aldose reductase (Figure 9a) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (Figure 9b) with a ⁓0.8-fold (p < 0.01) depletion in glyoxalase-I level (Figure 9c) in the renal tissue as compared to normal rats.