Studies in animal models have shown that prior treatment with anti–PD-1 antibodies results in increased expression of A2AR and CD73, suggesting that the adenosine pathway may contribute to therapeutic resistance to immunotherapy [15, 16] Accordingly, interest has been increasing in new immunotherapy modalities targeting the adenosine pathway (CD39/CD73/A2AR) for cancer treatment [9–11]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.