AGER and dementia: These results are in line with previous studies that reported cross-sectional associations of S-RAGE, EN-RAGE, and dementia, and with smaller sample size studies on skin, circulating, and urine AGEs and cognition.6,41,42 Our results suggest that the activation of RAGE by AGEs, EN-RAGE, or other ligands may be involved in the pathophysiological processes of dementia.