TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: MiR-146a activated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) or interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), which resulted in the release of numerous apoptotic factors, such as interleukin-1 and TNF, leading to amplified inflammatory cascade and ultimately the occurrence of ALI/ARDS [22].