SERPINE1 and stroke disorder: In a recent systematic review of all studies published between 1991 and 2016 that examined the association of PAI-1 with MACE (defined as death, MI, and stroke) or restenosis (the recurrence of treated coronary artery stenosis), Jung et al. substantiated a link between elevated plasma PAI-1 antigen levels, but not PAI-1 activity levels, and MACE in both incident and secondary event populations (181).