APOE and atherosclerosis: While our group previously demonstrated pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of IL-33 in human vascular endothelial cells (7, 10) as well as pro-thrombotic effects of IL-33 in human monocytes and endothelial cells (8, 9), another study reported that the injection of IL-33 in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (ApoE−/−) mice reduced the plaque area via induction of IL-5 and antioxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) antibodies (33).