In a parallel analysis, it was also known that infections of hPEOs also induced the increased expression of innate immune effectors in epidermal cells, which included upregulated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)51 (CST3, DEFB4A, S100A7) and inflammation cytokines (CCL22, IL1F10, IL-1RN, IL36B, IL36G, IL-36RN) (Fig. 7I). This evidence concerns the gene DEFB4A and infection.