During tumorigenesis, myeloid cells (including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), macrophages, neutrophils) typically accumulate in the early stage of tumor outgrowth to suppress the T cell response and sustain an immunosuppressive environment.169 Dendritic cells (DCs) deliver tumor antigens to T cells and natural killer (NK) cells that exert antitumor cytotoxic effects.170 However, antitumor immune reactions often become suppressed during tumor development; TGFβ can exhibit pivotal immunosuppressive effects on the intrinsic antitumor potential of DCs and NK cells in the TME (Fig. 5c). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.