TGFβ1-deficient mice either die of vascular defects during embryogenesis or autoimmune disease postnatally.8,9 Mice deficient in TGFβ2 have defects in cardiac septation and valve remodeling,10 and mice lacking TGFβ3 have pulmonary defects and cleft palate.11,12 TGFβ1 is the most abundant and studied isoform, and it is particularly highly enriched in platelets and bone.13,14. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is autoimmune disease.