For example, some TβRI kinase inhibitors showed therapeutic effects in cancer patients, but their cardiac toxicity at high doses (hemorrhagic, degenerative, and inflammatory lesions in heart valves) and skin toxicity (eruptive keratoacanthomas, hyperkeratosis, cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinoma) limits their safe therapy window.22 These adverse effects have (and continue to) challenge the clinical application of many other anti-TGFβ therapies. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.