TGFB1 and neoplasm: Many preclinical results from in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models have shown the great potential of anti-tumor therapeutics with TGFβ-neutralizing antibodies and ligand traps that block the interaction of TGFβ with its receptors or selective small-molecule TGFβ receptor kinase inhibitors.21,22 However, rendering these pharmacological agents suitable for approved clinical use continues to be a challenge.