TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Fresolimumab (GC1008), a human IgG4κ monoclonal antibody that neutralizes TGFβ1, 2, and 3, demonstrated acceptable safety and antitumor activity in a phase 1 clinical trial for patients with malignant melanoma or renal carcinoma.190 Phase 2 clinical trials of this antibody have been conducted for patients with glioma, metastatic breast cancer, or relapsed malignant pleural mesothelioma, which showed good toleration.191–193 The phase 2 clinical evaluation of this antibody for the treatment of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still ongoing (NCT02581787).