TGFβ signaling has attracted the interest of cancer biologists because of its numerous roles in regulating cancer cell functions, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, adhesion, and differentiation.3,15 The biphasic functions of TGFβ during cancer progression on tumor cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are summarized in Fig. 1. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.