During tumor progression, TGF-β becomes a stimulating molecule that promotes the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells by inducing immune escape.34 Furthermore, TGF-β acts as an immunosuppressor by affecting the regulation of T cells.35 A study on urothelial cancer showed that TGF-β expression was increased in PD-L1 nonresponders and that simultaneously blocking TGF-β and PD-L1 could facilitate T cell infiltration and provoke antitumor immunity and tumor regression.36 Accordingly, TGF-β inhibition in pLELC patients was inferred to induce an immune response to promote survival. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.