TNF and posterior cortical atrophy: Another promising approach is pretreating MSCs with proinflammatory cytokines before extrusion: in the mouse model of subcutaneous PC3 PCa, pretreatment of BM-MSCs with TNFα and IL1β significantly increased the accumulation of MSC nanoghosts in PCa but not in MPS organs, which is likely related to slight changes in expression levels of multiple membrane proteins [51].