SMAD7 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, the PA-mediated treatment of diabetes is related to the inhibition of the PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which eventually results in the downregulation of PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, the inhibition of VLDLR, the increase of apoB 100, the enhancement of MTP, the increased expression of smad7, and the stabilization of β-catenin [14, 17].