TNF and malaria: In a high-transmission setting in Uganda, children randomly assigned to receive monthly chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine had a greater percentage of infected red blood cells specific CD4 + T cells coproducing IL-2 and TNF, which were associated with protection from subsequent malaria and parasitaemia, and fewer CD4 + T cells coproducing IL-10/ IFN-γ, which were associated with an increased risk of malaria than control children [8].