IL6 and injury: EN-RAGE is produced by macrophages in response to IL-6 in vitro (Hasegawa et al., 2003), and both EN-RAGE and IL-6 (Chiaretti et al., 2008) have previously been noted as increased in serum or CSF, respectively, in response to cerebral trauma and during paediatric CNS infection when compared to controls (Prasad et al., 2014; García-Hernández et al., 2016).