ATE1 and Infertility: Furthermore, tissue-specific knockout (KO) of ATE1 in mice heart, testis, and central neural system (CNS) leads to cardiomyopathy, infertility, or neural development retardation, respectively (Leu et al., 2009; Kurosaka et al., 2010, 2012; Saha and Kashina, 2011; Wang et al., 2017).