DNAAF5 and infection: Finally, reports of in vitro infection of human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) with IFV, which is known to trigger strong interferon-induced antiviral responses, also showed reduced expression of cilia component genes such as dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) and dynein axonemal assembly Factor 5 (DNAAF5), as well as ciliogenesis genes such as multiciliate differentiation and DNA synthesis-associated cell cycle protein and cyclin O (MCIDAS and CCNO) (Boon et al., 2014; Qiu et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2019).