SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; AMS, altered mental status; PPI, proton-pump inhibitors; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers, CCB, calcium channel blockers; MI, myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GI, gastrointestinal; ICU, intensive care unit. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.