We evaluated the effect of HRF/TCTP on pathways involving RA-FLSs: d-H/T-induced increases in ERK phosphorylation in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the phosphorylation of IκBα, and the nuclear translocation of p65 in the NFκB pathway. Here, NFKB1 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.