In the present study, we also showed that Hypo-EVs suppress TGF-β1-induced activation in HLF-1 cells in vitro, which suggested that Hypo-EVs may modulate airway remodeling via regulating the expression of signaling molecules of the TGF-β1-Smad pathway, while we did not rule out the possibility that the amelioration of lung fibrosis might be due to the direct anti-proliferative effect of Hypo-EVs on lung myofibroblasts. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.