Meanwhile, we also found that the mRNA levels of M1-type macrophage markers IL-12, NOS2, and TNF-α were downregulated, while M2-type macrophage markers IL-10 and CCR2 were upregulated in THP-1-M that was treated with HCC-TCM for 48 h (Fig. 1b). Here, TNF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.