Notably, CpG ODN suppressed the ability of TAMs in promoting HCC EMT (Fig. 5f; Supplementary Fig. 5D) and upregulated E-cadherin/N-cadherin ratio in HCC cells (Supplementary Fig. 5E) These findings suggest that TLR9 agonists can inhibit the activation of Wnt2b/β-catenin signalling in HCC-TAMs, thereby inhibiting M2 polarization. Here, CDH2 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.