In summary, we found that the interaction between neurons and microglia might be one of the mechanisms of behavioral abnormalities in PTSD rats, and miR-142 might be involved in the regulation of these two kinds of cells through the FMRP/NF-κB signaling pathway, which further indicated that miR-142 or FMRP might be a potential target for PTSD prevention or treatment. The gene discussed is FMR1; the disease is post-traumatic stress disorder.