Interestingly, CGRP serum levels were compared between HIV-1 infected humans treated with combination antiretroviral therapy-uninfected or combination antiretroviral therapy-treated patients with primary/acute or chronic HIV-1 infection, as well as from individuals who naturally control HIV-1 infection, namely exposed seronegatives, elite controllers, and long-term non-progressors [61]. Here, CALCA is linked to HIV-1 infection.