ATF3 exhibited lower expression levels in HCC tissues than in normal samples in the Chen liver dataset (fold change = − 2.066, P = 5.51E−16, Fig. 1b), Wurmbach liver dataset (fold change = −2.906, P = 3.45E−4, Fig. 1c), and Roesser liver dataset (Fig. 1d, 1e). The gene discussed is ATF3; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.