The results revealed that ATF3 expression was lower in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), kidney chromophobe (KICH), and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cancer patients (Additional file 1: Fig. 1). Here, ATF3 is linked to chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.