TGFB1 and hydrops fetalis: Under this state, the progression of HF can be caused through diastolic dysfunction mediated by the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, systolic dysfunction mediated by calcium dyshomeostasis, cardiac fibrosis mediated by elevated TGF-β and AT1R levels, and microvascular thrombi mediated by the inhibition of fibrinolysis (Fig. 2).