For this reason, PD-1 has been proposed as the marker that more comprehensively identifies the repertoire of tumour-specific TILs.11 Recently, we have shown that the enrichment and separate amplification of PD-1+ CD8 TILs improves the antitumour efficacy of TIL therapy in mouse models of solid tumours.13 Our results were further confirmed by Jing et al. in haematological tumours.14 This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.