Aberrant activation of NF-κB signaling, either through expression of the LMP1 (latent membrane protein 1) oncoprotein of EBV or somatic mutation of negative regulators of NF-κB (e.g., in TRAF3, CYLD, NFKBIA, NLRC5) has been shown to play a driver role in NPC tumorigenesis12–14. This evidence concerns the gene TRAF3 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.