TNF and COVID-19: High plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-7, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ-induced protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, and TNF-α) have been observed in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units, suggesting that a cytokine storm may be developing in individuals with severe disease [27].