MAPK3 and colorectal carcinoma: Multiple mechanisms stimulating CRC cell proliferation have been advocated for secondary bile acids, including receptor-dependent signaling pathways [29], the activation of β-catenin cell-signaling, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), signaling via activator protein 1 (AP1) and c-Myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) target pathways [30,31].