MIF and cancer: For example, patients with active DLE lesions should be careful in using immunomodulatory agents that may downregulate the production and/or function of MIF [8] including, for example, ibudilast approved in Japan for asthma, which is now being repurposed for immunoinflammatory diseases [48], as well as anti-MIF mAb that has completed phase I/II testing in cancer patients and the anti-CD74 mAb milatuzumab, which is approved for patients with multiple myeloma [49].