TNF and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Our current observations that evogliptin reduces the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 proteins both in VICs and in the plasma of eNOS−/− mice (Figure 3) and inhibits macrophage infiltration in a rabbit CAVD model (Figure 5), may also be relevant to the putative anti-inflammatory properties of DPP-4 inhibitors.