While we did not observe increased protein levels of TNFα, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-γ, nor effect of ASO treatment on these protein levels, in mice with HCC, CCL2 and CCL5 protein levels, responsible for leukocyte recruitment, were significantly increased in HCC mice and this was most pronounced for HIF-1α ASO-treated mice in the preventive setting (Figure 7). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.