NPPB and Cachexia: In multivariate Cox-proportional hazard analyses with adjustment for potential confounders (Model 1 consisting of age, sex, and BMI; Model 2 consisting of age, sex, and BNP; and Model 3 consisting of Model 2, NYHA functional class, Charlson Comorbidity Index, history of HF hospitalization, and cachexia), hazard ratios for the all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the low or mid MNA-SF group than in the high MNA-SF group as a reference (Table 4, Fig. 4a).