Previous studies have examined the frequencies of alterations to various other categories of genes in tumours including those involved in metabolic pathways (occurring in 100% of all tumours examined), the transforming growth factor pathway (39%), the PI3K-mTOR pathway (33%), the cell cycle pathway (33%), the p53 pathway (29%), the MYC oncogene and its proximal network (28%), and the Hippo pathway (10%)17,28,57,58. Here, MYC is linked to neoplasm.