JAK1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: This approach also has clinical potential, since a humanised type I receptor-blocking antibody, Anifrolumab, is available and has undergone clinical investigation in lupus.38 In addition, ruxolitinib is a small molecule inhibitor of the JAK1/2 kinases, which are IFN-signalling intermediates, that has already been trialled at phase 2 in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer.39 We conclude that available agents may present opportunities for assessment of therapeutic chemo-sensitisation in the relatively near-term.