In addition, these RHIM-mediated interactions between RIPK1 and ZBP1 were mainly shown to regulate pro-inflammatory NF-κB activation, while recent studies of the pro-death role of ZBP1 have focused extensively on ZBP1–RIPK3-mediated necroptosis in response to viral infection, which is dependent on ZBP1 Z-DNA binding domains17,20,25,37. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and viral infectious disease.