A similar pattern persisted when focusing on NSCLC, colorectal cancer, or breast cancer samples, but the dominating clonal driver genes, except for TP53, differed among these three types: EGFR (28.2%) in NSCLC, APC (12.2%) and KRAS (10.4%) in colorectal cancer, and PIK3CA (18.5%) in breast cancer (Fig. 5a). Here, PIK3CA is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.