HMGB1 and chronic cystitis: We have demonstrated that RAGE mediates the allodynia/hyperalgesia following intraplantar administration of at-HMGB1, but not ds-HMGB1 [16], and that the HMGB1/RAGE pathway plays a crucial role in the neuropathic pain caused by spinal nerve injury [76] and visceral pain accompanying cystitis [19,28] and pancreatitis [32] (Figure 1C).