Predicting the onset of the irAEs is a major challenge and the use of soluble biomarkers has already been partly explored in a previous study [20] finding that low sPD-L2, low IL-2 and high IFN-g levels in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with nivolumab were associated with grade 3–4 toxicities. Here, IFNG is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.