Since the effects of CTS on AF cell cytoskeletal rearrangement and MAPK pathway activation varied based on the frequency of load applied, we aimed to characterize the corresponding changes in gene expression using real‐time PCR, focusing on expression of ECM genes, matrix degrading enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, candidate mechanosensitive genes, and cell surface receptors identified in related musculoskeletal cell types.9, 30, 32, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61. The gene discussed is CD177; the disease is atrial fibrillation.