After infection, the uptake of 0.1 or 0.2% L. salivarius enabled the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α to be markedly down-regulated while the decreasing level of IFN-γ and TNF-α caused by 0.05% L. salivarius did not reach the statistical significance (Figures 3A,B,D,E). Here, IL1B is linked to infection.