HIF1A and Sepsis: Emerging data suggest that in the setting of Sepsis or inflammation, certain anesthetic exposures upregulate the HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) (23, 29) a key mediator of oxygen homeostasis and HIF-1 target proteins, involved in hepatic-inflammation (sepsis), and cause mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress (30–33).