TGFB1 and cancer: One study has found that higher expression of EMT-related genes was associated with lower response rates and shorter DFS and OS among metastatic urothelial cancer patients treated with a PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) (36) GSEA revealed that the malignant hallmarks of tumors, including pathways in cancer, the WNT signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway and bladder cancer were significantly associated with the high IPS subgroup.