CD4 and Opportunistic infection: Where patients have CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3, known as advanced HIV disease, advanced clinical care (ACC) should be provided to improve patient outcomes, including screening, management of opportunistic infections and focussed adherence support.1 Advanced clinical care is particularly important in South Africa, considering that up to 40% of adults initiate ART with CD4 < 200 cells/mm3.