Abbreviations: 4NQO, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; IL-8, interleukin-8; JAK1, Janus kinase 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; OSCCs, oral squamous cell carcinomas; PK, proteinase K; PMB, Polymyxin B; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; ZEB1, zinc finger E-Box binding homeobox 1. Here, TGFB1 is linked to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.