Recent studies have identified the presence of membrane-bound and soluble ectonucleotidases, including CD39 and CD73 on tumor cells, vasculature, and immune cells in regulating immunosuppressive adenosine generation in the TME that modulate immune response via suppression of effector cells, stabilization of immunosuppressive Tregs, inhibition of macrophage maturation and DC activation 72, 73. This evidence concerns the gene NT5E and neoplasm.