Microglia-derived sEVs can mediate neuroinflammation by secreting pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and miR-155 in traumatic brain injury 44, 45; they are also known to spread the disease by tau propagation in Alzheimer's disease 46. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.