GFAP and ischemic stroke: 1. In order to examine the effects of M2-sEVs on glial scar formation, we performed immunofluorescent staining of GFAP, a mature astrocyte IF protein, in ischemic mouse brains with or without M2-sEV treatment. The results showed that scar area and maximal scar thickness decreased in the M2-sEV group compared to that in the control group, suggesting that M2-sEVs could attenuate glial scar formation after ischemic stroke (Figure 2A-C).